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LeetCode 1593 | Split a String Into the Max Number of Unique Substrings | Full Explanation and Solution

    String manipulation is one of the most commonly tested topics in coding interviews, and LeetCode's Problem 1593: Split a String Into the Max Number of Unique Substrings gives us an interesting challenge. The goal is to split a string into as many unique substrings as possible. In this blog post, we’ll go step by step to understand the problem, come up with an efficient solution, and analyze its time and space complexity. Problem Statement Given a string s , your task is to split it into the maximum number of unique substrings . You can break the string into any list of non-empty substrings as long as the concatenation of all substrings forms the original string, and all the substrings in the split are unique . A substring is defined as a contiguous sequence of characters within a string. Example 1: Input : s = "ababccc" Output : 5 Explanation : One way to split the string is ["a", "b", "ab", "c", "cc"] . Note that ...
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Converting a Binary Tree to a Doubly Linked List | Programming Concept | DSA

When it comes to data structures in computer science, binary trees and linked lists are fundamental concepts that often come into play. In this post, we will explore an intriguing problem: converting a binary tree into a doubly linked list (DLL). This task may seem daunting, but with the right approach, we can achieve it seamlessly. Let's dive into the details! Understanding the Problem What is a Binary Tree? A binary tree is a hierarchical structure in which each node has at most two children referred to as the left child and the right child. This structure is crucial for organizing data hierarchically, facilitating efficient searching, inserting, and deleting operations. What is a Doubly Linked List? A doubly linked list (DLL) is a linear data structure consisting of nodes, where each node contains three components: a data field and two pointers. One pointer points to the next node in the sequence (next), while the other points to the previous node (prev). This bidirectional natu...
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Leetcode 3163 | String Compression III | Problem | Medium | String

String manipulation is a common task in programming, especially when it comes to optimizing data storage or transmission. One fascinating challenge is the "String Compression III" problem from LeetCode, which requires you to compress a string according to specific rules. In this post, we’ll explore the problem statement, discuss a practical solution, and delve into the intricacies of the algorithm. Whether you’re preparing for coding interviews or simply want to enhance your problem-solving skills, this guide will provide valuable insights. Problem Statement You are given a string called word , and your task is to compress it using a specific algorithm. The rules for compression are as follows: Begin with an empty string comp . While word is not empty, remove a maximum length prefix made of a single character c , which can repeat at most 9 times. Append the length of the prefix followed by the character c to comp . Continue this process until all characters in word are pro...
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Minimum Number of Changes to Make a Binary String Beautiful | Leetcode : 2914

In this LeetCode problem, we're tasked with transforming a given binary string into a "beautiful" string. A beautiful string is one that can be partitioned into substrings, each containing only 0s or 1s and having an even length. To achieve this beauty, we're allowed to change any character in the string to either 0 or 1. The challenge lies in determining the minimum number of such changes required. Intuition and Approach To solve this problem efficiently, we can employ a greedy approach. We'll iterate through the string, keeping track of the current character and the count of consecutive occurrences of that character. Iterate and Count: Start with the first character and initialize a count to 1. As we traverse the string, we increment the count if the current character matches the previous one. If the current character is different, we've encountered a new substring. Handle Odd-Length Substrings: If the current count is odd, we'll need to make...
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What is Flowcharts ?

 Flowcharts 🌊 What is a Flowchart? A flowchart is a visual representation of a process, system, or algorithm , often using symbols connected with arrows to depict the flow of control or data. It helps to illustrate the sequence of steps or actions needed to complete a task or solve a problem. Flowcharts are widely used in programming, engineering, business processes, education, and many other fields to simplify complex procedures. Purpose of a Flowchart The main goal of a flowchart is to break down a process into easy-to-understand steps . It helps with: Understanding how a system works Debugging or analyzing code or workflows Communicating processes clearly Documenting existing systems Planning or designing algorithms or solutions Finding inefficiencies or errors in procedures 🧱 Basic Components of a Flowchart Every flowchart is built using standard symbols , each with a specific meaning. Here's a breakdown of the most common ones: Symbol Name Descri...
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Why Use C++ ?

  Why Use C++? C++ is one of the most powerful and widely used programming languages in the world. Originally developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in the early 1980s as an extension of the C language, C++ was designed to add object-oriented features to the speed and simplicity of C. Over the years, it has grown into a language that supports multiple programming paradigms, offers fine-grained control over hardware, and is the backbone of many modern systems. This article explores the key reasons why C++ continues to be a preferred choice among developers, engineers, and computer scientists. 1. High Performance and Efficiency One of the most compelling reasons to use C++ is its performance. C++ is a compiled language , which means code written in C++ is directly translated into machine code by a compiler before it is executed. This results in faster runtime performance compared to interpreted languages like Python or JavaScript. Moreover, C++ allows low-level memory manipulation usin...
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Introduction to Programming Languages

  Introduction to Programming Languages A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do in order to come up with a solution to a particular problem. Programs are written using a programming language. A programming language is a formal language designed to communicate instructions to a computer. There are two major types of programming languages: low-level languages and high-level languages. Low-Level Languages   Low-level languages are referred to as 'low' because they are very close to how different hardware elements of a computer actually communicate with each other. Low-level languages are machine oriented and require extensive knowledge of computer hardware and its configuration. There are two categories of low-level languages: machine language and assembly language. Machine language , or machine code, is the only language that is directly understood by the computer, and it does not need to be translated. All instructions use binary notation and are wri...
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Compiler vs Interpreter

 Compiler vs Interpreter A compiler is a computer program that translates a program written in a high-level language to the machine language of a computer. The high-level program is referred to as 'the source code.' The compiler is used to translate source code into machine code or compiled code. This does not yet use any of the input data. When the compiled code is executed, referred to as 'running the program,' the program processes the input data to produce the desired output. An interpreter is a computer program that directly executes instructions written in a programming language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program. A compiler and an interpreter are both essential tools in programming that serve the purpose of translating human-readable code into machine code that a computer can execute. However, the way they perform this translation is quite different. A compiler takes the entire program written in a high-l...
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How to Search for a Node in a Binary Search Tree (BST) – Efficient Solutions Explained

When working with Binary Search Trees (BSTs), one of the most common operations is searching for a node with a specific value. This operation is fundamental to many algorithms and data structures that rely on trees. In this blog post, we will explore how to search for a node in a Binary Search Tree (BST), explain the step-by-step approach, and optimize it for better performance. What is a Binary Search Tree (BST)? Before diving into the search algorithm, let's quickly define a Binary Search Tree (BST) . A BST is a type of binary tree where each node has at most two children: a left child and a right child. The key property of a BST is that for each node: All values in the left subtree are less than or equal to the node’s value. All values in the right subtree are greater than or equal to the node’s value. This property allows for efficient searching, as we can eliminate half of the remaining search space at each step, just like binary search in an array. The Problem: Search in a Bi...
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Maximum Difference Between Even and Odd Frequency | LeetCode

We are given a string consisting of lowercase English letters. Our task is to find the maximum difference between the frequency of two characters in the string such that: One of the characters has an even frequency . The other character has an odd frequency . The difference is calculated as:  odd_frequency - even_frequency We need to return the maximum possible difference between the odd and even frequencies. Example Walkthrough Let's take a couple of examples to better understand the problem: Example 1: Input:  s = "aaaaabbc" Frequencies: 'a' → 5 (odd) 'b' → 2 (even) 'c' → 1 (odd) Here, the maximum odd frequency is 5 (for 'a') and the maximum even frequency is 2 (for 'b'). Therefore, the result is: maxOdd - maxEven = 5 - 2 = 3 Example 2: Input:  s = "abcabcab" Frequencies: 'a' → 3 (odd) 'b' → 2 (even) 'c' → 2 (even) The maximum odd frequency is 3 (for 'a') and the maximum even fr...
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Maximize Amount After Two Days of Conversions | Leetcode Question

When tackling the problem of maximizing the amount of currency after two days of conversions, we encounter an interesting graph-based problem that involves working with exchange rates between various currencies. In this article, we will explore this problem in detail, starting with the brute force approach and refining it to an optimized solution. Problem Explanation You are given a string initialCurrency (the starting currency), along with four arrays: pairs1 and rates1 : Represent exchange rates between currency pairs on Day 1. pairs2 and rates2 : Represent exchange rates between currency pairs on Day 2. The task is to maximize the amount of initialCurrency you can have after performing any number of conversions on both days. You can make conversions using Day 1 rates and then further conversions using Day 2 rates. Key Insights: Conversion rates are valid (no contradictions). Each currency can be converted back to its counterpart at a reciprocal rate (e.g., if USD -> EUR = 2....
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Final Prices With a Special Discount in a Shop – LeetCode Solution Explained

When tackling coding problems, it's important to understand the problem thoroughly and work through solutions step-by-step. In this blog, we will explore the LeetCode problem "1475 Final Prices With a Special Discount in a Shop" . We'll walk through the problem statement, approach it with a beginner-friendly brute force solution, and analyze its time and space complexity. Finally, we'll discuss any possible optimizations to improve efficiency. Problem Statement You are given an integer array prices where prices[i] represents the price of the i th item in a shop. There is a special discount rule: If you buy the i th item, you receive a discount equal to prices[j] , where j is the smallest index such that j > i and prices[j] <= prices[i] . If no such j exists, you get no discount for that item. Your task is to return a new array answer , where answer[i] is the final price you pay for the i th item after applying the discount. Examples Example 1: Input: p...
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